FUTURE: THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION PSYCHOLOGY "Once you start making the effort "to wake yourself up" - that is, be more mindful in your activities- you suddenly start appreciating life a lot more."(Robert Biswas-Diener)
"No one asks how to motivate a baby. A baby naturally explores everything it can get at, unless restraining forces have already been at work. And this tendency doesnt die out, its wiped out."(B.F.Skinner)
Full Name: Burrhus Frederic Skinner
Born: March 20 th, 1904.
Place of Birth: Pensylvania U.S.A.
Died: August 18 th, 1990.
Place of Death: Massachusetts U.S.A.
EDUCATION:MAIN THEORIES:
- Studied English at Hamilton College with the intention of becoming a writer.
- Later obtained a degree in English Literaturefrom Harvard in 1926.
- After reading John B. Watson´s Behaviorism, obtained a Masters in Psychology from Harvard.
- Skinner then furthered his research in Psychology and recieved a PhD, again from Harvard, where he remained until 1936 as a researcher. (Updated, 2019)
- Positive & Negative Reinforcement, Operant Behavior, Escape Learning, Avoidence Learning and Behavior Modification. (Updated, 2019)
FEMALE PSYCHOLOGISTAlthough most of the earliest psychologists were men, women are increasingly contributing to psychology. The first female president of the American Psychological Association was Mary Whiton Calkins (1861–1930; lower right). Calkins made significant contributions to the study of memory and the self-concept. Mahzarin Banaji (upper left), Marilynn Brewer (upper right), and Linda Bartoshuk (lower left) all have been recent presidents of the American Psychological Society. (Saylor Academy, 2012)
Psychodynamic Psychology
Freud’s ideas were extended by other psychologists whom he influenced, including Carl Jung (1875–1961), Alfred Adler (1870–1937), Karen Horney (1855–1952), and Erik Erikson (1902–1994). These and others who follow the psychodynamic approach believe that it is possible to help the patient if the unconscious drives can be remembered, particularly through a deep and thorough exploration of the person’s early sexual experiences and current sexual desires. These explorations are revealed through talk therapy and dream analysis, in a process called psychoanalysis.Sigmund Freud and the other psychodynamic psychologists believed that many of our thoughts and emotions are unconscious. Psychotherapy was designed to help patients recover and confront their “lost” memories. (Saylor Academy, 2012)
The Cognitive Approach and Cognitive Neuroscience
Although cognitive psychology began in earnest in the 1960s, earlier psychologists had also taken a cognitive orientation. Some of the important contributors to cognitive psychology include the German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909), who studied the ability of people to remember lists of words under different conditions, and the English psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett (1886–1969), who studied the cognitive and social processes of remembering. Bartlett created short stories that were in some ways logical but also contained some very unusual and unexpected events. Bartlett discovered that people found it very difficult to recall the stories exactly, even after being allowed to study them repeatedly, and he hypothesized that the stories were difficult to remember because they did not fit the participants’ expectations about how stories should go. The idea that our memory is influenced by what we already know was also a major idea behind the cognitive-developmental stage model of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896–1980). Other important cognitive psychologists include Donald E. Broadbent (1926–1993), Daniel Kahneman (1934–), George Miller (1920–), Eleanor Rosch (1938–), and Amos Tversky (1937–1996). (Saylor Academy, 2012)
Social Development Theory By VigotskyPurpose of the ScaffoldingScaffolding is widely considered to be an essential element of effective teaching as all teachers almost certainly use various forms of instructional scaffolding in their teaching. In addition, scaffolding is often used to bridge learning gaps which is the difference between what students have learned and what they are expected to know and be able to do at a certain point in their education. One of the main goals of scaffolding is to reduce the negative emotions and self-perceptions that students may experience when they get frustrated, intimidated, or discouraged when attempting a difficult task without the assistance, direction, or understanding they need to complete it. (Siti Zaimar binti Wahid,2017):
Types of the ScaffoldingInstructors can use a variety of scaffolds to accommodate different levels of knowledge. The context of learning may require more than one scaffold strategy in order for the student to master new content. When we teach students who are not physically present in the classroom, instructors need to adapt to the environment and their scaffolding needs to be adjusted to fit this new learning medium. It can be challenging to find a way to adjust the verbal and visual elements of scaffolding to construct a successful interactive and collaborative learning environment for distance learning. The recent spread of technology used in education has opened up the learning environment to include hypermedia, hypertext, collaborative learning environments, and web-based learning environments. A recent review on the types of scaffolding used in online learning identified four main types of scaffolding (Siti Zaimar binti Wahid,2017):
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY I THE CLASSROOM
"Education is not the learning of facts, but the training of the mind to think."(Albert Einstein)
CHARACTERS
- Psychology is the science of the intellects, characters and behavior of animals including man.
- Psychology contributes to a better understanding of the aims of education by defining them, making them clearer; by limiting them, showing us what can be done and what can not; and by suggesting new features that should be made parts of them.
- Psychology shares with anatomy, physiology, sociology, anthropology, history and the other sciences that concern changes in man's bodily or mental nature the work of providing thinkers and workers in the field of education with knowledge of the material with which they work.
- Just as the science and art of agriculture depend upon chemistry and botany, so the art of education depends upon physiology and psychology.
- Educational psychology is a special field of endeavor because it strives to apply what is known about many different disciplines to the broad process of education.( Edward L. Thorndike 1910)
(Saylor Academy, 2012). The earliest psychologists that we know about are the Greek philosophers Plato (428–347 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC). These philosophers asked many of the same questions that today’s psychologists ask; for instance, they questioned the distinction between nature and nurture and the existence of free will. In terms of the former, Plato argued on the nature side, believing that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn, whereas Aristotle was more on the nurture side, believing that each child is born as an “empty slate” (in Latin a tabula rasa) and that knowledge is primarily acquired through learning and experience.
The earliest psychologists were the Greek philosophers Plato (left) and Aristotle. Plato believed that much knowledge was innate, whereas Aristotle thought that each child was born as an “empty slate” and that knowledge was primarily acquired through learning and experience.
James and the other members of the functionalist school were influenced by Charles Darwin’s (1809–1882) theory of natural selection, which proposed that the physical characteristics of animals and humans evolved because they were useful, or functional. The functionalists believed that Darwin’s theory applied to psychological characteristics too. Just as some animals have developed strong muscles to allow them to run fast, the human brain, so functionalists thought, must have adapted to serve a particular function in human experience. The functionalist school of psychology, founded by the American psychologist William James (left), was influenced by the work of Charles Darwin. (Saylor Academy, 2012)
"These figures that gave the initiatives in psychological education,they were the main actors in taking this discipline as a fundamental point in the human being in all its parameters and contexts in which society develops. In addition to being a science, the characteristics of psychological education show us that this contributes to education, studying the behavior of human beings to meet their future goals and objectives."
FUTURE: THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION PSYCHOLOGY "Once you start making the effort "to wake yourself up" - that is, be more ...
